The World Largest Brand Name Apparel Marketers Marketing Essay

The World Largest Brand Name Apparel Marketers Marketing Essay Levis Strauss and Company is one of the world largest brand-name apparel marketers. Levis Strauss and Company is one of the successful Jeanswear shop in America States. The innovation of the rivets in the jeans differentiated Levis jeans from others because of its increased durability. (Levis) The Fast changes in consumer tastes, competition from both lower and higher-end brands, the fast development in the modern distribution and sales technology has brought about a continuing loss of market share. (Levi Strauss Co. Marketing Plan) Levis Strauss and company was established in 1873, Levis jeans are the original, authentic jeans. They are the most successful, widely recognized and often imitated clothing products clothing product in the history of apparel. Over successive generations, Levis jeans have captured the attention, imagination and loyalty of diverse individuals. (Levis) As the inventor of the category, the Levis brand continues to define jean wear with the widest range of products available, from quintessential class such as the famous Levis 501 Original jean, to favorite fits and styles in the Red Tab and premium collections. (Levis) 1.1 Mission To sustain responsible commercial success as a global marketing company of branded apparel. They must Balance goals of superior profitability and return in investment, leadership market positions and superior product and services. They will conduct their business ethically and demonstrate leadership in satisfying their responsibilities to their communication and to society. (Levi Strauss Co. Marketing Plan) 1.2 Vision Levis Strauss brands are filled with examples of the key role their value have played in meeting consumer needs. Four core values are at the heart of Levi Strauss Co Empathy, Originality, Integrity and Courage. These four values are linked. As Levis look at their history, a story of how Levis core values work together and are the source of their success. Likewise, Levis brands embody many of the core values that consumers live by. This is why Levis brands have stood the test of time. 2. Objective The objectives of Levis brand continues to define Jeanswear with the widest range of product available, from quintessential classics, such as the famous Levis Original jean, to favourite fits and styles in Red Tab and premium collections. Levis jeans have captured the attention, imagination, and loyalty of generations of diverse individuals. The brand has continues received critical acclaim from industry insiders. The brands profile is growing internationally. Levis Strauss and company next target focus to expand more in different city flagship store. To review Levis Jeanswear market situation of the global highlighting the competitive positions and branding strategies of the market. To identify the successful branding strategies Levis Jeanswear has employed to achieve its dominant market position. To evaluate on the effectiveness of Levis Jeanswear branding strategies in sustaining its sales performance. 3. Situation Analysis Situation analysis is a marketing term, and involves evaluating the situation and trends in particular companys market. Situation analysis is often called the three C, which refers to the three major elements that are Company, Customers, and Competition. Company Despite these reductions Levi Strauss Company had most of its early success because the firm was behaving monopolistically. The company patented the riveted jeans, increasing durability, and gaining popularity. Levis Strauss Co. maintained its corporate responsible image and progressive stance on social, labor, and environmental issues, which may have long run profit opportunities. Customers There is many Levis Jeanswear loyalty to maintain existing customers. Levis Jeanswear is the youthfulness of their brand jeans. The 501 product line and the Red Tab collection offer jeans that appeal to younger consumers competing with the high-end jean competitors. Competition Competitors successfully were able to take from Levis market due to heavy advertising and branding. Branding was especially effective for companies like Calvin Klein that targeted high-end consumers. Levis jeans may be physically the same as its competitor physically competitors, consumer preferences are affected by brand name. 3.1 SWOT analysis Levis opportunities and threats Levis Strauss, Levis Strauss Co. is one of the worlds largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 110 countries. There is no other company with a comparable global presence in the jeans and casual pants markets. Nowadays Levi Strauss develops technological higher production and coordination activities. In addition, Levi Strauss also develop new website is convenient for consumers shopping and also develop new products and services. The constant of threats is possible recession and people less likely to spend money on trend items and economic downturns in some countries. Bad economic is also an issue for Levis Strauss such as recession and the weakness of currency, people are likely to spend lesson trend items. Other than that, increasing competition from product of the higher end of the market and price wars with competitor. 3.2 Value chain analysis Support activities Primary activities Primary activities Inbound logistics: Inbound Logistics is the transportation planning in one of the major business processes. In order to achieve operational excellence, increase the merger, Levis Strauss plans common needs and external traffic inbound logistics, receiving their suppliers purchase. They stored goods production or assembly line needs. Goods may move around the organization. Operations: At this stage of product assembly or manufacturing. Self is co-produced fashion industry packaging. The design of the packaging represents the image of Levis Strauss. Outbound logistics: Collect, store and distribute the product to send along the supply chain to retailers in different countries. The retailers will send goods to outlets. Marketing and sales: The marketing communication strategies are the best ways to deliver message to consumers that Levis Strauss applied were advertising through the magazines, bill board and fashion show. Prepared to provide targeted, in order to meet consumer demand. Service: To fulfill consumers desirable, that are some things should have to concern on these; consumer always has clothes fitness problems, thus after sales service is important to exchange the size of Jeanswear or modify it. Other than that, to provide stuffs training how to service difference behavior of consumers and updating their Jeanswear information. Support activities Procurement: Levis Strauss needs of all the goods, services and materials procurement. This is because for the lowest possible price to buy the highest quality possible. This includes outsourcing that is usually done in-house business for the same from other companies and use of IT and networking technology to achieve procurement goals. Technology development: The innovation of technologies helps the Levis Strauss to sustain competitive advantage. Technology is an important of the competitive advantage. Human resources management: Levis Strauss is guided by a strong growth strategy in managing and developing its human resource capacity. Potential employees are evaluated in terms of their alignment to the companys winning characteristics which are directly linked to the Levis business strategies, mission and vision of integrity, courage, empathy and originality. Firm infrastructure: The formal systems of planning finance quality control, information management and the structures and routines that are part of an organizations culture. 3.3 PEST analysis The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating section: political, economic, social and technological factors. That environment presents firms with opportunities, threats, and constraints, but rarely does a single firm exert any meaningful reciprocal influence. Political factor: Political factor is very important to make sure the growth of the clothing industry in America States. With the peaceful environment, America States became one of the worlds attractive fashion destinations. (Easy club) Economic Factor: One of the main beneficiaries of the recession is the value clothing sector as consumers spend most on discretionary items with increased caution. According to Verdict forecasts, America States clothing spends in 2009 had declined 0.6%. However, estimation that value clothing sales will grow by 5.0%. Grocers are expected to make further gains in 2009 and increase their share of the value clothing market to 34.2%. In long term, the gains that grocers to be made will prove a further threat to value clothing specialists by improving store environments and fully exploiting multichannel capabilities. Social factor: Americans become more enjoy fashion nowadays; they will conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. They prefer on those shops with a trendier image, such as Levis older and often affluent consumers remain fashion conscious. Technological factor: Levis have combined the four core technology are at the heart of Levis Strauss Co Empathy, Originality, Integrity and Courage, durable and easy to care for. However, further technology on textile with other characteristics will produce, such as cellulite-reducing hosiery or moisturizing properties. Prices are likely to increase as the result of these changes in the textile technology, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. 3.4 Porters 5 Forces Industry Competitive: Jeanswear industry is characterized by small fashion 501, but there has been a recent trend towards consolidation and economies of scale. Businesses compete on price, quality, differentiation and relationship with key suppliers. However, there are not many players that establish a reputation for bringing style and innovation to the high street. Due to this Levis has the advantage of being a high streets retail phenomenon. Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers do not have much bargaining the fashion industry because their products and their commercial nature of the sales forces of developed markets. Can affect the garment industry from the original input price fluctuations, but the change is a global determinants of supply and demand, rather than the bargaining power of suppliers caused. Bargaining power of customers: The buyers power is significant in that buyers can force prices down, demand higher quality products or services, and, in essence, play competitors against one another, all resulting in potential loss of industry profits. Buyers exercise more power when they are large-volume buyers, the product is a significant aspect of the buyers costs or purchases, the products are standard within Jeanswear industry, there are few changing or switching costs, the buyers earn low profits, potential for backward integration of the buyer group exists, the Jeanswear is not essential to the buyers product, and the buyer has full disclosure about supply, demand, prices, and costs. (Reference for business) Threat of new entrants: New entrants can also expect a barrier in the form of government policy through federal and state regulations and licensing. New firms can expect retaliation from existing companies and also face changing barriers related to technology, strategic planning within the industry, and manpower and expertise problems. Threat of Substituted: The substitute product in fashion industry is low. Every individual needs to wear clothes in their daily activities to prevent cold and harmful to their skin. There is no substitute other than wear clothes. The only alternative is individual can make clothes their own but this alternative rarely happen. 3.5 Ansoff matrix Existing Product New Product Existing Market New Market In Ansoff Matrix, Levis Strauss is currently in position of market penetration as Levis Strauss intends to sell its existing markets to maintain or increase the market share of current product. This can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling. Other than that, increase usage by existing customer by introducing loyalty schemes; the business is focusing on markets and product it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. On the other hand, Levis Strauss also in different position of market development intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries. In this stage, Levis Strauss is facing medium-high risk in entering new market as there in many popular clothes retailer in the market. The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration. Therefore, Levis Strauss takes risk segmentation into different countries. 3.6 Porters Generic Strategies Cost Differentiation Broad Narrow Levi Strauss is paining to employ differentiation strategy to make Levis Jeanswear to be more common, Levis Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Since launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially. Although it is encouraging to see the flagship 501 line growing again, these sales increases were not incremental. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. 4. Evaluation of Suitability The suitability of the strategic options is assessed based on their compatibility with the current competitive environment of the fashion industry, Levis own corporate vision and mission and how it would sustain or improve the competitive position of the organisation. Strategic Position Concept To understand Strategy must address PEST Key environmental Driver/ Changes in industry Structure The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating section: political, economic, social and technological factors. That environment presents firms with opportunities, threats, and constraints, but rarely does a single firm exert any meaningful reciprocal influence. Porters Five-Forces Industry attractiveness competitive forces Porters essential message is that where these five forces are high, then industries are not attractive to compete in. There will be too much competition and too much pressure to allow reasonable profits. Value Chain Opportunities for vertical integration or outsourcing A value chain describes the categories of activities within and around an organisation, how Levis create a product or services 4.1 Tows matrix Levis Strauss chosen because it demonstrates how a successful company experienced great difficulties in the early 1853, but then developed a strategy that resulted in an excellent market position in the late 2003. The TOWS Matrix shown will focus on the crucial period from late 1853 to early 2003. The external threats and opportunities pertain mostly to the situation Levis Strauss faced in the United States. Strengths (S) Brand name. Access to target market with over 300 stores nationwide. Finance and access to international capital. Distribution channels and global sourcing. Weakness (W) High costs of brand protection. Lack of control over quality. Lack of control over distribution. Distribution conflicts. Opportunities (O) Largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 110 countries. Technological development higher production and coordination activities. Develop new product and services. A new market on website shipping. SO-Strategies Increase sales and supply to different countries. (S1,O1) Build technological development higher production and new production and services in different 300 stores nationwide.(S2, O2, O3) Create channels and website shipping to global sourcing. WO-Strategies High costs of production brand in markets. (W1, O1) Lack of control in technological development production and distribution. (W2, W3, O2) Improve distributor services and website shipping benefits. (W4, O3, O4) Threats (T) Possible recession and people less likely to spend money on trend items. Competition from product of the higher end of the market. Economic downturns in some countries Price wars with competitors Increasing competition. ST Meet competitors advanced design of the market. (S1, S2, T2) Economic and finance are the keys of the issue. (S3, T1, T3) Globalization increasing competitor and price wars with competitors. (S4, T4, T5) WT Reduce threat of competition by developing flexible product line. (W1, W2, W3, T1, T2) 4.2 Direction for Growth Strategic option To summarises these point from earlier section and provides examples of reasons why strategy directions or might be regarded as suitable. Strategic Environment Capability Expectations Market penetration Levi Strauss intends to sell its existing markets to maintain or increase the market share of current product. Increase usage by existing customer by introducing loyalty schemes; the business is focusing on markets and product it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. Market development Levi Strauss is facing medium-high risk in entering new market as there in many popular clothes retailer in the market. The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration Levi Strauss intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries and takes risk segmentation into different countries. Differentiation Differentiation strategy to make Levis jean to be more common. Levi Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. Ranking strategic options Options are assessed against key factors relating to the strategic position of the organisation and a score or ranking established for each option. Key strategic factors Strategic option Family ownership Increased globalisation Low-price imports Increased of marketing Good of quality control Increased sales Ranking Market penetration O X O X O ? B Market development X O X O X O C Differentiation O X O O O O A O=favourable; X=unfavourable;? =uncertain or irrelevant. A=most suitable; B=possible; C=unsuitable. Evaluation of Acceptability The acceptability of the strategic options is assessed based on the stakeholders expectations. 5.1 Stakeholders Expectations The stakeholders of Levis Strauss are comprised of shareholders, management, employees, suppliers, contributors and the customers. The shareholders are likely to accept all the strategies as they have already witnessed Levis Strauss successful turnaround and regain of profitability. The management built up more positive steps in achieving its vision and mission these initiatives illustrate the progress Levis Strauss have made in building strong, collaborative relationships with their wholesale customers. To working closely with these customers and developing plans to ensure Levis brands continue to be broadly accessible to consumers despite continued retail door closures and bankruptcies in the United States. On the other hand, the employees may be very supportive of the differentiation strategy and market development business simplifying measures recommended. The suppliers and contributors would have learnt by now to live with Levis Strauss differentiation strategy and market development their operations to fit themselves into Jeanswear operating style. Levis customers are likely to welcome the Jeanswear innovation capabilities with the creation of a Global Market Development Centre at their owned-and-operated manufacturing plant in different courtiers. Strategy 1- Market Development Key stakeholders Rewards Risks Shareholders Higher profit, performance, clear direction. Unpredictable economics crisis. Managers Performance, targets, growth, bonus. Cultural problems. Employees Rates of pay, high employment rate. Job security, time period. Trade unions Working conditions, wages rate. Legal requirements. Customers More Levis Jeanswear available. Ethical products. Suppliers High demand of resources. Delivery problems. Government Taxation. Explicit Federal laws in certain countries. General public Jobs, involvement, shares Environmental issues Strategy 2-Differentation Key stakeholders Rewards Risks Shareholders Higher profit, performance, clear direction. Loss. Managers Performance, targets, growth, bonus. Time consume, sales volume. Employees Rates of pay. Job security. Trade unions Working conditions, minimum wages. Legal requirements. Customers More choices, better quality and customer care. Ethical products. Suppliers High demand of resources. Government Taxation. Legislation. General public Jobs, involvement, shares. Environmental issues. Feasibility The feasibility of the three strategic options is assessed based on the Levis Strauss current resources. Current Resources The actual resources required for the implementation of the three strategies are summarized in Table 4 under four categories: (1) product/service feasibility, (2) market feasibility, (3) organizational feasibility and (4) financial feasibility. Strategy 1- Market development Key resources Analysis Product/ Service feasibility Levi Strauss market development intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries. Levi Strauss must control their product and service quality, the patent strategy to maintain its brand reputation. Market feasibility The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration. Organizational feasibility The brand and formula have to carefully designed and properly execute. Levis Strauss able to expand rapidly takes risk segmentation into different countries. Financial feasibility According to the Levis Strauss annual report 2009 that company sales and profit has increased, so there are no financial problems to support market develop strategy. . Strategy 2- Differentiation Key resources Analysis Product/ Service feasibility Levi Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Since launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially. market feasibility The flagship 501 line growing again, these sales increases were not incremental. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Organizational feasibility Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. Financial feasibility According to the Levis Strauss annual report 2009, the sales and profit of the company has increased, so there is no financial problem to support franchising strategy. However, the in-store advisor service is free of charge; Levis Strauss has to cover this expense from other sectors. Selection of One Strategic Option for Implementation The above evaluation data have indicated that in fact all the two strategic options are equally important and necessary for the future growth of Levis Strauss and should be implemented to the long term benefits of Levis Strauss. The complexity and risks in implementation of the two options are summarized in below. Strategic Option Implementation Requirements Complexity Risk (1) Market development Involves higher capital injection management ingenuity to implement in view of other competitors Hardest with higher risks (2) Differentiation Involves strong management will and resolve to implement. Changing staffs working attitudes and instituting a new Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially would need a lot of patience and tact. Medium hard, needs management will and tact Naturally, among the two strategic options, the strategic option 2 should be selected as the first choice since it can be implemented quickly and getting faster results. Implementation From the evaluation above, Levis Strauss select differentiation strategy to achieve their vision and mission. Differentiation strategy helps Levis Strauss to expand further more different gender and different ages to wear Levis Jeanswear and establish the brand as a fashion authority in every city. The implementation strategy can describe in three sections, which is resources management, organizational structure and management of change. Key issues Analysis Resources management Resource management refers to the possibility under discussion is a factor. Levi Strauss has confirmed that the factor is the most likely way to work. Levi Strauss can use the budget or other performance management tools to study the effectiveness of differentiation strategy. Organizational structure In this stage Levis Strauss has to deal with issues regarding levels of hierarchy, together with structural form and style of management. Management of change Some management of Levis Strauss might not aware of the need for changes in strategy implementations. Thus Levis Strauss must review the speed, scope and style of the changes, in order to obtain full commitment to them. The company maintained profits by providing a wide range of products, capturing new markets and increasing its market shares. The company created barriers to entry by patents and trademarks, and by differentiating its product from generic jeans. However as more firms entered the market, the company started losing customers and incurring losses. The upstart companies captured niche market shares from Levi Levis s immense market domination. Despite this reduction of sales, Levi Strauss Co. maintained its corporate responsible image and progressive stance on social, labor, and environmental issues, which may have long long-run profit opportunities. Conclusion This report had analyzed the situation and the growth strategy of Jeanswear line of Levis Strauss. The evaluation of the suitability, acceptability and feasibility had examined on chosen options. The options are products and services development and differentiation strategy. The strategy chosen is differentiation strategy to achieve the mission and vision. The launch of differentiation strategy helps Levis Strauss to expand their business effectively and efficiently. By respond quickly to emerging trends, Levis Strauss has become a successful fashion retailer within the shortest possible lead times to carve out a reputation for its ability.

Civil Disobedience Paper Essay

Throughout US history, there were many occurrences performed by people that helped define American Identity. Some of the many aspects that helped evolve characteristics of American identity are civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration. Historical happenings throughout time helped create how the US is today, and why certain freedoms are allowed. Civil Disobedience is one of the important aspects of american identity. Harriet Tubman played a great role in performing civil disobedience involving her freeing slaves. Harriet had a huge bounty on her head and still she rebelled against the law, rescuing more slaves. Henry David Thoreau also performed a part in the act of civil disobedience when he refused to pay taxes, because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War. He wrote an essay Resistance to Civil Government stating that citizens have the right to disobey the law if the law was considered unjust. Furthermore, Woman’s rights is another example of civil disobedience. Women weren’t treated as equal as men and were denied the right to vote. In 1848 the Declaration of Sentiments had 12 resolutions that called for equal treatment of women and men under the law and voting rights for women. Overall, civil disobedience plays a huge role in American identity. Freedom of religion is another aspect that highlights american identity. Many people came to America in search of religious freedom. Colonists wanted a chance to worship freely and have a religion they wanted to take part in. When the pilgrims came to American their goal was to escape the persecution of the puritans. Later on many religions began to disperse everywhere and therefor, population began to grow in America. The Salem Witchcraft Trials, and the Great Awakening of the 1730s played a great role in influencing freedom of religion. America became a refuge for those who wanted religious freedom and became a home to the many people that had the chance to improve their lives. Overall, religious freedom is a huge aspect defining American Identity. Since before America’s founding, immigration has been part of the American identity. In 1845, potato famine in Ireland stopped plants from growing and many families were starved and wished for an escape, nearly 3.5 million Irish migrated to America during the 1820s through the1880s. The Irish weren’t the only immigrants that migrated to America. The Germans had come to America during World War 1 in order to better their lives. Immigrants with money would buy farms in the country, and immigrants with very little money would stay in the city, mainly in New York. By 1855, New York homed at least seventy percent of the New York population. Many immigrants have come to America and still have many coming in and out of our country nowadays. Overall civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and immigration are just a few of the many traits given to the US over time. Because of all these happenings that have occurred in the US, we as citizens have many rights. Here in the US we are known to have different yet unique identities, all thanks to the acts of rebelliousness and righteousness throughout US history.

Crime and the Life Course

Developmental theory is a subfield of criminology and a subfield of psychology sometimes known as â€Å"child† or â€Å"adolescent† psychology. Developmental theory is about normal human development, or growing up. It looks for the causes of crime in the complex mix, or interaction, of various childhoods cognitive deficits (e. g. , low IQ, attention deficit disorder, conduct problems, cognitive â€Å"scripts†) with various situational, or contextual, handicaps (e. g. , school failure, peer rejection, parental abuse or neglect, and gender/ethnic discrimination).The concept of critical criminology is that crime and the present day processes of criminalization are rooted in the core structures of society is of more relevance today than it has been at any other time. American feminism has its origins in the 1848 women's rights convention held at Seneca Falls, New York where a â€Å"Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions† was passed. This first wave of femi nism was anti-slavery oriented and wished for the emancipation of peoples everywhere who were being usurped and exploited.It ended in 1920 with passage of the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Second-wave feminism started in the late 1960s and was called the â€Å"women's liberation movement†, devoted to greater social, political, and economic equality. It focused on the emancipation of women and liberal correctives to the role of women in society. The third wave of feminism started in the late 1980s, devoted to an analysis of patriarchy, or the pervasiveness of male dominance. It was basically a critical or radical movement that looked into how society could be transformed.How might developmental theories explain the existence of habitual offenders? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a biologist who originally studied mollusks (publishing twenty scientific papers on them by the time he was 21) but moved into the study of the development of children's understanding, thr ough observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. His view of how children's minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory (Atherton, 2009).His particular insight was the role of maturation (simply growing up) in children's increasing capacity to understand their world: they cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. His research has spawned a great deal more, much of which has undermined the detail of his own, but like many other original investigators, his importance comes from his overall vision (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). He proposed that children's thinking does not develop entirely smoothly: instead, there are certain points at which it â€Å"takes off† and moves into completely new areas and capabilities.He saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that before these ages ch ildren are not capable (no matter how bright) of understanding things in certain ways, and has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum (Blumstein, 2003). Whether or not should be the case is a different matter. Most offenders commit crimes during their teen and early adulthood years, and then desist as they approach or enter their 30s. Those who do not desist, the habitual offenders, frequently come under the psychological research microscope.Developmental and biological factors (e. g. , conduct disorders or deficits in neurological hormones) often can predict habitual offending. Although psychologists should be alert to these factors, they must be careful not to assume that children who demonstrate them will become the criminals of tomorrow (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). According to Lombroso, 1972, the habitual criminal was best described as one who entered a lifestyle of crime by way of a number of circumstances. An example of a habitual criminal would be a member of organized crime.Political criminals were distinguished by their violent nature. Most of these violent acts were based on anger, love, or honor. Although these characters displayed great intellect, altruism, religious ideals, and patriotism, they were also thought to be pathological due to their high rates of suicide (Lombroso, 1972). Lombroso generally used the same techniques to classify female offenders as he did males. Although the amount of crime committed by females was much lower than that of males, he believed that females were more ferocious in their acts.Most of his ideas concerning female criminality were based on the idea that they were more like children than males. He believed that they were vengeful, jealous, morally deficient, and predisposed to cruelty (Einstadter & Henry, 1995). Within the field of criminology, developmental theory is closely related to an effort called â€Å"general† theory (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993), although the difference is that genera l theory implies a policy of selective incapacitation (wicked people exist, and all you can do is lock them away) while developmental theory looks for intervention opportunities (e.g. , tipping and turning points, desistence, life-course changes, pathways).The appeal of criminal psychology, as it is presently dominated by the developmental perspective, has the same appeal as most psychodynamic psychology in that it seems to offer all the answers that any criminal, no matter how bad, can be rehabilitated or reformed and that any delinquent, no matter how bad, can be saved from a lifetime of crime (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Developmental theories describe humans as evolving through certain stages from birth through adulthood.In each of these stages humans are capable of mastering certain things, such as developing empathy or learning to predict the outcome of their actions. If a person stops development due to a trauma or simply fails to progress from one stage of development to the next , that person may remain in a certain stage of development (Dannefer, 1984). Also, developmental theories believe that during each stage of development people learn to act in the world and react to the world in different ways. Again, if a stage is missed or if development stops, a person may never make up the lost time and master the skills learned at a certain stage.Developmental theories find that if a stage of development is missed then a person cannot return to it at a later point in time, it is gone forever (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Possible explanations for why people commit habitual offenses is that they may not learn from their mistakes, cannot predict the consequences of their actions, or do not feel empathy for their victims. This makes sense if one considers that under developmental theories a person who did not naturally progress through a certain stage would not develop empathy, self control, or be able to predict the outcome of their actions (Atherton, 2009).These t hings are learned at a specific point in time in childhood. If a person leaves a stage of development without having mastered empathy, the ability to control behavior, or ability to predict consequences, then that person can be seen to easily fall into the trap of becoming a habitual offender. That person lacks the tools necessary to stop their behavior, just like a two year old cannot stop a tantrum. Habitual offenders, like two year olds, may have failed to progress through the self control or empathy stage (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Recent developmental theories strongly support typologies of offending.Typological theories classify offenders into different groups (just as group-based modeling does) with each group having its own history of delinquent behavior (Dannefer, 1984). For example, some theories differentiate between life course persistent offenders who start offending early, offend at a high rate, and persist through the life course, and adolescent limited offenders wh o start offending late, offend at a low rate, and desist by the time they emerge into adulthood. Some theories further suggest that the causes of offending vary across groups (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).Peer pressure, for example, may be more relevant for adolescent limited offenders than for life course persistent offenders. Group-based modeling now provides the opportunity to fully explore these ideas and their implications on theory and practice (Dannefer, 1984). Explain the implications that feminist criminology holds for our legal system In feminist theories, individuals attempt to give another dimension to criminology, in the form of gender. The supporters of these theories are for the most part trying to bring a new form of awareness to the way crime is viewed.Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against other males, it is argued that criminologists need to investigate more how the female affects this preconceived approach to crime (French, 2006). Many p arties concerned with this type of critical approach to criminology also try to educate other female criminologists. This is important to this group of individuals because too many times, female criminologists will adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male concepts on females in the world of crime (Daly, 1997).Developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, feminist criminology addresses the gender distortions and stereotyping of female violators. Politically, feminist criminology draws from Marxist, Liberal, and Socialist schools of thought†¦ but the main point of feminist criminology is to discuss how women came to be in subservient roles to men and how the criminal justice system can address male-biased control theory as it relates to female violators, their punishment, and imprisonment French, 2006). Feminist criminology contains many branches.Liberal, radical, Marxist, and socialist feminism are widely recognized, although other â€Å"strands† exist such as postmodernism and ecofeminism. Most feminist criminology involves critiques about how women offenders have been ignored, distorted, or stereotyped within traditional criminology, but there is no shortage of separate theories and modifications of existing theories. Almost all women criminologists or criminologists of women who examine gender and crime have addressed the â€Å"gender ratio† problem (why women are less likely, and men more likely, to commit crime).Others study the generalizability problem (whether traditional male theories can modify to explain female offending). Most feminists are quick to point out where stereotypical thinking and theoretical dead ends exist, although the main problem complained about in most criminology is the simple fact that gender matters and should not be ignored (French, 2006). Feminist standpoint theory asserts that human materiality, the biological, physical activities, and possessions, shape the way knowledge is formed and delineates the inequalities of patriarchal thought (Gelsthorpe, 1997).If crime is seen as an act of aggression, and men are biologically characterized for their aggressive nature than not only is criminal theory male centered, so is the criminal practice. If society accepts that men are predisposed to aggression, which leads to crime, then women are socialized as passive actors and consequently many times the victimized. The implications for women are their sense of powerlessness and far reaching dependency upon men (Daly, 1997). The masculinity of the victim as it is depicted through criminal theory and public observation has altered the ways in which particular crimes are addressed.Rape crimes and domestic crimes are predominantly male perpetrated and female inflicted. The victim of assault is viewed by different standards when gender questions are involved. The realists define assault as strictly a coercive act committed in the street, in a public house or any other public ve nue (French, 2006)). Domestic violence, however, is not a form of assault despite the fact that it is the form of assault most likely to occur to a woman (Naffine, 1996).Domestic violence is given a special class of victimization, â€Å"public assault (which a man is most likely to experience) is the standard case; domestic violence is the complication†. Women never appear as more than a special instance of victimization (Naffine, 1996). This sexist interpretation of crime and law is just one example of the discrimination played out against women assumed by fault of women's designation to the private sphere and men's role in the public sphere.The definition of crime related to sexual acts is not consensually agreed on by men and women (Gelsthorpe, 1997). The legal definition of prostitution, pornography, domestic abuse, and rape is not proved by the harm inflicted to women, rather man's understanding of those acts, â€Å"The place of women in realist criminology is deeply tr aditional. Women are there to receive special protection, because they are considered vulnerable to crime, but their experiences are never allowed to set the defining conditions of the realist project†(Naffine, 1996).Liberal feminism operates within the existing social structures to draw attention to women's issues, promote women's rights, increase women's opportunities, and transform women's roles in society. Radical feminism looks at how women came to occupy subservient roles in the first place, what male power consists of, and how societies themselves can be transformed (French, 2006). Marxist feminism ties patriarchy or male privilege into the economic structure of capitalism, as when female offenders are sentenced for property or sexual crimes (by threatening male dominance of property relationships or male control of women's bodies).Socialist feminism offers ideas about more equitable roles for women as sex providers, child bearers, nursemaids, and homemakers, so that th ey can take their rightful place in society (Naffine, 1996). Postmodern feminism substitutes language production for economic production and studies how discourse and male-dominated thinking is used to set women apart (Gelsthorpe, 1997). What are the implications that critical criminology brings to society?While criminology is the scientific study of the interactions that inherently occur between criminals and the public or the criminal elements and society, critical criminology is slightly different. This concept of criminology has a solid foundation in the belief that a singular crime is considered to be criminal due to the historical and social beliefs at the time (Hirschi, 1969). For example, one famous illustration of this is that homosexuality was considered to be illegal for individuals in the United Kingdom. This type of interaction between individuals was declared legal for men over 21, but this was not until 1967.Since there is nothing within the act that changed over the years, the only thing that changed was the judicial government at the time and what they believed was morally right or wrong. Overall, there is nothing deemed inherently wrong about the act itself. One of the main questions that individuals interested in critical criminology need to ask themselves whether or not an act is a crime because it is wrong or whether it is merely a crime because someone with the elected power decided to make it so (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973).Critical criminology brings theories and paradigms of understanding about deviance and crime against our society at a particular time. These theories and paradigms are frameworks for understanding why people deviate from societal norms, how our society decides what is deviant and what is not at a particular time, and how individuals, groups, and society might prevent, deter, and/or punish violators based on past, present, and future societal controls (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960).An example would be that prior to the tur n of the 20th century, drugs like opium and cocaine were legal and unregulated in the United States. Critical criminology focuses on how societal norms change, as did attitudes about drugs and the behavior that their use may or may not have caused. Many theorists agree that making most drugs like marijuana and others, illegal in the 1960s, societal attitudes about their use had changed to a point where laws were ratified and enforced as a means of social control of those using the drugs, namely the sub-cultures and Hippies.In this example, certain crimes are considered deviant behavior because certain groups in society say they are. â€Å"Critical criminologists tend to claim that conventional criminology theories fail to ‘lay bare the structural inequalities which underpin the processes through which laws are created and enforced' (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973) and that ‘deviancy and criminality' is ‘shaped by society's larger structure of power and institutions ' (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960)Criminologists have long sought to establish causal links between the prevailing economic conditions and the level of criminality in existence in society at any given time and have rightly described how inequality the widening gap between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ is probably a significant measure of how criminogenic a society is likely to become.There has, however, been hardly any research conducted in recent years to examine the most obvious criminological reality: namely, that we should see the crime explosion of the past twenty years as the direct outcome of the neoliberal political economy with the reality that much of the crime we are currently experiencing has its origins in business deregulation. Thus, it is not simply a question of how crime might rise in such circumstances, but rather how it is that these circumstances have already created the crimes that have brought devastation to whole swathes of our towns and cit ies (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008).Within critical criminology, there are a number of theories that have been formed. Conflict theories were never very popular within the United States, in part due to the fact that during the late 1970’s, when critical criminology was more popular, there were many criminology departments that were closed due to political reasons (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973). Other critical criminologists were concerned that conflict theories did not properly address the different issues that faced society.Critics of conflict theories that exist in criminology maintain that these individuals ignored some important differences in the level of criminal activities between socialist and capitalist societies. Japan and Switzerland are two countries that are socialist in nature, but they have extremely low rates of crime in their countries, as compared to capitalist societies like the United States of America (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008). ConclusionCognitive deve lopment typically refers to age-related changes in knowledge and acts of knowing, such as perceiving, remembering, problem solving, reasoning, and understanding. The development of cognition is studied most frequently in infants, children, and adolescents, where changes often are relatively rapid and striking. Many researchers also study cognitive development in aging adults, in children and adults during recovery of function following brain damage, and in a variety of species other than humans.In feminist theories, individuals attempt to allow another dimension to criminology, in the shape of gender. The supporters of those theories are for the foremost half trying to bring a new kind of awareness to the method crime is viewed. Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against different males, it is argued that criminologists want to research a lot of how the feminine affects this preconceived approach to crime.Several parties involved with this sort of import ant approach to criminology conjointly strive to educate other female criminologists. This is necessary to the current group of individuals as a result of too many times, feminine criminologists can adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male ideas on females in the planet of crime. Critical criminology, also called radical criminology, shares with conflict criminology a debt to Marxism. It came into prominence in the early 1970s and attempted to explain contemporary social upheavals.Critical criminology relies on economic explanations of behavior and argues that economic and social inequalities cause criminal behavior. It focuses less on the study of individual criminals, and advances the belief that existing crime cannot be eliminated within the capitalist system. It also asserts, like the conflict school, that law has an inherent bias in favor of the upper or ruling class, and that the state and its legal system exist to advance the interests of the ruling class.

Good Vs. Evil In Lord Of The Flies And Beowulf - 944 Words

Power in all the wrong places Good v. Evil, it’s way more than just a concept, it’s more of a lifelong struggle inside of you. What more could you do when evil is shown all around you? Many of us may see the struggle between good and evil in the people we come across everyday. Flawed individuals may be perceived as good but are bad in the eyes of someone else; it all comes down to how you see it. The exposure to things and memories you make help impact the good in you. In order to further evaluate the argument of how good can come out of evil and good can show up even when it’s not right in front of you, can be shown in both William Golding’s novel Lord of the flies and the Anonymous Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf. This essay asserts that,†¦show more content†¦Grendel wasn’t intentionally evil, which is to be argued throughout this essay, but how he just wanted revenge on how he was mistreated and punished on earth. In the text it states â€Å"So times were pleasant for t he people there, until finally one, a fiend out of hell began to work his evil in the world†(Unknown 99,101). and â€Å"Inside Herot there was nothing but friendship. The Shielding nation was not yet familiar with feud and betrayal†(Unknown 1016). These quotes examine the fact that characters like Grendel don’t intend to inflict evil into the world that is pure, but some either have no control over it or wickedness is all they know because of the shortage of compassion not given to them early on. Human nature is capable of extraordinary transformations, which may result in good or evil. Representatives like Simon and Beowulf now show the importance of good to break through the corruptness of others. First illustrated is Simon. A noble character in Lord of the Flies, but not highly recognized for his understanding of how much evil can destroy you. Sadly, Simon is murdered before he is able to express how savagery means you lose a part of yourself, but he was able to show the audience that if you stand your ground when evil is presented in front of you, you can morally understand what’s truly important, and in his case die with a purpose of goodness. Another character that died nobly like Simon is honored in a different text. This character isShow MoreRelatedLord of the Flies by William Golding610 Words   |  2 Pagesis to be considered good and evil is a common debate in modern day society. But furthermore, what is stronger, good or evil is the more contradictory question. In reality, good and evil co-exist and without one the other cannot exist. Although, many see evil as being weak and powerless, evil is stronger than good because it is harder to overcome, antagonists often have a higher impact on the protagonist and because good is dependent on evil. Many say, good is stronger than evil because being consideredRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesan individual with both evil and good characteristics often involve the persecution of a young woman who is forced apart from her true love Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · short stories and novels hold readers attention through dread of a series of terrible possibilities feature landscapes of dark forests, extreme vegetation, concealed ruins with horrific rooms, depressed characters Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · today in literature we still see portrayals of alluring antagonists whose evil characteristics appeal