‘Of Mice and Men’ By John Steinbeck Essay

‘Of Mice and Men’-By John Steinbeck is a story involving two very different main Characters-George Milton and Lennie Small, who are trudging difficulty through life with a dream to someday own their own ranch. One of the main themes over the course of the novel is loneliness, and this is quickly introduced within the first chapter or two, as well as giving us an insight as to what life was like during the depression (1929-1938). As Lennie is very simple minded, he is always getting into trouble, and at once point Lennie and George found themselves fleeing from their old working situation in Weed. They later find themselves work on another ranch, where we meet many other characters living similar lives full of unhappiness and despair. We meet the old swamper- Candy, who has only one working hand after getting one caught in a machine. It is here that we begin to get an idea of the lonely life Candy leads, considering he only has one companion- his dog, which was later put out of its misery by another ranch worker who saw it as unfit and a nuisance to itself. Another example of an unhappy character is the stable buck- Crooks. Crooks falls victim to racial discrimination and finds himself living in almost complete solitude because he is black. It seems as though Crooks will always lead a terrible and hopeless life because of the little to no respect or acknowledgement that the other ranch workers give him. The only way Crooks could make companion would be to find another black person, which does not seem very likely. Years of disrespect and neglect from those around him have turned Crooks into a mean and insecure man with absolutely no rights whatsoever! However, he retreats to his reading and his work, looking after the horses. Crook’s does also play horse-shoes, which the men praise him for as he was very skilled in the game. Furthermore, the wife of the boss’s son- known only as ‘Curley’s Wife,’ experiences sexual discrimination. She lives on a ranch where the majority of the people of the people are males, with nothing to do but play records or wander about the ranch looking for somebody to talk to. We learn how Curley’s Wife is trapped in a loveless marriage and how dreams that she could have made much more of herself by perusing her career as an actress had she have not married Curley. In the novel she is not given a name and this shows readers just how insignificant she is to Curley, as well as the other ranch workers. Most of the characters experience some type of prejudice at some point throughout the novel. The only person to really seem happy with the way their life is going si Slim- who is looked up to bye everyone working at the ranch including Curley. Curley’s wife, Crooks and Candy are all lonely with no real friendships with anybody. Although it may seem George and Lennie are unhappy or angry, they are never lonely because they have each other. The thought of someday owning their own ranch pushes them to keep working in such poor conditions, earning only $50 a month! I felt sorry for most of the characters (excluding Curley) as they did not have much to show for the lives they have lived so far with little or no chance of marriage, or remarriage. During this novel, readers experience such themes as racism, prejudice, and discrimination, as well as learning just how lonely and hopeless life seems without having any friends or companions.

Luxury goods industry Porter's five forces model Essay

Luxury goods industry Porter's five forces model - Essay Example The Social Media has empowered consumers in all industries, including in the luxury goods industry; because of the feeling that they can secure the support of many other people in regard to their rights, as consumers, customers in the luxury brand industry have become more powerful to influence the industry’s strategies (Deloitte 2014) – H Since 2012 an important trend has appeared in the luxury goods industry: emphasis is given to ‘fine jewellery’ (Luxury Society 2012, par.13) and not on ‘seasonal accessories’ (Luxury Society 2012, par.13). Louis Vuitton has been the luxury brand that first supported this trend; Richemont Group, the owner of popular brands such as Cartier, had followed (Luxury Society 2012) - L Popular luxury brands have taken action against those who try to develop cheap substitutes of their products; for example, in a relevant lawsuit the courts ordered the owners of a series of websites that have developed such activity to pay an amount of $100 million to Hermes (Luxury Society 2012) - L In any case luxury products are, by their nature, related to costly materials; the high cost of these products prevents those who would like to create substitute products of low price (Luxury Society 2012) - L a) continuous turbulences in markets worldwide; downturns in the performance of markets have been proved as able to affect the buying power of the industry’s customers (Paton and Sanderson 2014); only the brands that can secure high quality, innovation and uniqueness of their products are able to secure their market position - H The rate of development of the luxury goods industry is satisfactory but unstable; the strong turbulences in the international market are considered as the key reason for this phenomenon. The industry’s high instability would discourage new entrants to enter in the luxury

Reaction Paper On The Picture Wind Chime After Dream By Pierre Huyghe Essay

Reaction Paper On The Picture Wind Chime After Dream By Pierre Huyghe - Essay Example This picture was taken from a horizontal close-up position, thus clearly capturing the tree trunks at horizontal positions and the suspended chimes at an elevated angle. From the photographer’s angle, one can see only six of the 47 chimes mounted on the trees. In addition to the mentioned contents, the root section of each tree is covered with dried vegetation as opposed to the rest of the lawn, which is covered with green grass. Tree trunks and branches are dark and gray while the leaves are greenish-yellow in color. Behind the trees are five whitish structures of what appears to be concrete pillars. Having acknowledged the visible contents Pierre Huyghe’s picture, subsequent sections of this report analyze individual elements of art as they appear on the portrait. Keen focus on each element forms the basis of critical analysis in the art. It is through appraisal of individual components of the picture that one conclude on the success or failure to meet its aesthetic objectives. Basically, elements of art include line, texture, shape, and color among others. Each of these elements plays a significant role in creating unique attributes of a portrait. Variation of lines and texture allows an artist to manipulate contents in order to achieve the desired meaning. Variation of lines and shape enables the audience to develop concrete perceptions of space. On the other hand, manipulation of texture and color unearths aspect of time, which enhances the creation of intended theme by an artist.... Tree trunks and branches are dark and grey while the leaves are greenish-yellow in color. Behind the trees are five whitish structures of what appears to be concrete pillars. Having acknowledged the visible contents Pierre Huyghe’s picture, subsequent sections of this report analyze individual elements of art as they appear on the portrait. Keen focus on each element forms the basis of critical analysis in art. It is through appraisal of individual components of the picture that one conclude on the success or failure to meet its aesthetic objectives. Basically, elements of art include line, texture, shape and color among others. Each of these elements plays a significant role in creating unique attributes of a portrait. Variation of lines and texture allows an artist to manipulate contents in order to achieve a desired meaning. Variation of lines and shape enables audience to develop concrete perceptions of space. On the other hand, manipulation of texture and color unearths a spect of time, which enhances creation of intended theme by an artist. These elements must appear in every piece of artwork, whether it is two-dimensional or three-dimensional. In this regard, Pierre Huyghe’s picture incorporates some of these elements in depicting the wind chimed field. Elements of Art in the Picture Line and Shape Pierre Huyghe’s wind chime picture adopts a combination of both horizontal and vertical line techniques. These two techniques cumulatively facilitate creation of a path where viewers can perceive the aspects of space. Horizontal lines in the picture delineate those sections of the lawn and trees which extends into the adjacent space outside the camera’s coverage. In this context, Pierre

Economic Policy in the Open Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Policy in the Open Economy - Essay Example The balance of payments is based on the principle of double entry bookkeeping and the monetary value of every transaction is recorded as both a credit and a debit. Debits and credits in the balance of payments are collected into groups on the basis of what is exported or imported. The partitioning of these groups varies between countries however. We generally divide the balance of payments into four traditional subdivisions: current account, unilateral account, capital account, and gold account, these in return contain the value of goods and services either exported or imported plus dividend and interest income and payment, second entry for gift received, imports and exports of assets like bonds and common stocks and, the import and export of gold for commercial purposes, respectively. The import of a bond or any asset similar in context is recorded as a debit in the capital account. Since its purchase results in the country’s residents paying out money or capital, the import of a bond, like any other debit entry in the capital account, is called a capital outflow. On the other hand, the export of a bond means the residents actually receive money or capital; and thus, the export of a bond, like other credit entries made in the capital account, is called a capital inflow. ... According to the Statistical Bulletin, The UK’s current account deficit was recorded to be ?15.2 billion in the third quarter of 2011, the highest value recorded as yet. Its trade deficit extended to ?9.9 billion in the third quarter of 2011, an increase of ?2.7 billion since the previous quarter. The income surplus was ?0.3 billion which is actually the smallest surplus ever since the fourth quarter of 2000. Moreover, the international investment position recorded UK net liabilities of ?245.5 billion at the end of the third quarter 2011 which outweigh the inward investment of ?22 billion by at least ten times. In the recent picture, the increasing balance of payments deficit is only adding to the mound of problems. The repercussions produced by slowdown in exports followed by increasing faster growth in imports of goods and services caused by a rise in the value of sterling against other currencies has indeed led to a worsening balance of payments’ position. Due to the increasing deficit, the government has responded by the introduction of tough austerity measures aimed at narrowing the budgetary deficit; however this has only led to soaring unemployment and rising business bankruptcies. There is a loss of employment because UK businesses are losing market share and output to cheaper imports from overseas. A fall in business confidence and a decline in capital investment spending by UK exporting firms have been witnessed primarily because of the continually declining aggregate demand. Balance of payments deficits are nearly always bad for the economy, except if a country is importing a high volume of goods and services to make available diverse resources to its citizens. However, in the long term if the trade deficit is a symptom of a weak economy and a lack of

Marketing Managerment Project Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Managerment Project - Research Paper Example The case cites an example of Kellogg’s in Asia-Pacific region especially in India. This case is a classic example of concerted marketing efforts going haywire to produce reverse results. When a multinational giant organization such as Kellogg’s launches into an unknown region and area it needs to do the homework and establishes itself. The case highlights on the turnaround strategies used by the company to control the damage and survive. Today Kellogg’s is a household name in most Indian families and also the most preferred breakfast cereal, irrespective of that Kellogg’s needs to be alert in the volatile market. In an upcoming and third world market the options available are many for the consumers as the competition keeps offering one product after the other, which eventually widens the choice for the average consumer. Hence to not only to survive, but also sustain profitably, Kellogg’s has to innovate and in product as well marketing strategies. T his paper also suggests a few such strategies with its implications and challenges. No organization can capture a market and be complacent, because capturing a market may be a onetime effort but retaining the market with profitability requires new challenges to be taken and met with competence, effort and good marketing. Kellogg’s – The Indian Story We all love breakfast cereals and the crackling sound they make early morning. They give us an idea about how fresh and beautiful each day is going to be after a healthy breakfast. We are now going to look into a healthy breakfast story of none other than the breakfast giant Kellogg’s in India. Kellogg’s so far in western market has always maintained its upper hand. It was introduced in the Indian market in the year 2005 and was an absolute flophouse. From there on the company looked into various perspectives to make the product a success and has continued to grow in the market steadily. Today even if it has n ot captured the so called breakfast market share it has managed to survive and even run profitably and smoothly in India. We are going to study the turnaround of Kellogg’s in India in this assignment. Kellogg’s started its way in 1906 and today is the leader of corn flakes and breakfast cereals. Its worldwide expansion program goes as back as 1914. Kellogg’s expanded in England and Australia. By the year 1958 Kellogg’s settled in America making it the most popular breakfast frosty cereals and corn flakes. Over the years Kellogg’s has acquired Worthington Foods, Kashi Company and Keebler Foods. They also have a marketing tie up with Disney. Today Kellogg’s is manufactured in 17 countries and marketed over 180 countries worldwide. It has multiple products such as corn flakes, nutrition bars, ice cream cones, pies, and waffles etc. Today it is a company with billions of dollars of turnover world over. With this strength, history and backing Kel logg’s launched with many trumpets in Indian market. It started with its basic product - cornflakes. SWOT Analysis of Kellogg’s: Strengths: 1. Kellogg’s is a multi-billion dollar company having presence worldwide. 2. The product quality that is offered is uniform across the markets world over. 3. It has an excellent brand name and enjoys a healthy brand image. 4. Through various acquisitions it has acquired a range of products starting from breakfast cereals to nutrition bars and diet cereals. 5. Its primary strength lies in baking and innovative products it keeps coming

Target Market for Points.com- One card Research Paper

Target Market for Points.com- One card - Research Paper Example The above represent loyalty programs that grant purchasers additional value. Evidently, point credit assists customer to obtain addition value from the organizations (Marketing donut, 2011). Understanding the market and consumer prospects of Point.com will require an initial analysis of what the organization entails. Point.Com fundamentally seeks to consolidate mileage allowance of its clientele. Therefore, an individual seeking to benefit from the service of this organization requires to launch an account with the organization. Evidently, the organization target individuals that receive mileage rewards. Consequently, this organization endeavour to consolidate the different mileage that their clientele receive. Additionally, the entity target individual with inability to track their rewards. Therefore, Point.com manages its clientele’s rewards. Additionally, ensuring that the clientele accomplish elite status consequently, earning better rewards. Point.com also converts rewar ds to point and finally to monetary value, which the customer can cash. Notably, Point.coms’ clientele pay certain charges for the management of their accounts with the organization and conversion of the rewards and mileage (Uncles & Dowling, 1997). Point.com has a specific target market, which is constituted by the clientele of airlines and hotels. It is exigent to estimate the target market since it encompasses clientele of the service industry firms. However, accomplishment of Point.com’s objective to dominate the market depends on its capacity to manage the clientele’s rewards. Ultimately, the firm has the compulsory resources to dominate the loyalty management sector since it is not capital intensive. Acquiring a substantial market proportion will require considerable time duration since the industry is expanding gradually. Additionally, the entity does not possess a robust marketing program. The above smart analysis reveals that Point.com

Personal and Professional Development Assignment - 7

Personal and Professional Development - Assignment Example From this study it is clear that  the most common approaches to self-managed learning include workshops, seminars and conferences, social networks, internet, and in-service trainings. It is possible to learn through seminars, conferences and workshops because people use these forums for expressing their experiences and finding new ways of making changes for the future. Seminars, workshops, and conferences are effective in self-managed learning because they provide participants with opportunities for presenting their knowledge about various aspects to other people, who also learn new things from them.This essay declares that social networks provide additional forums for self-managed learning. Social networks include Facebook, Twitter, and My Year Book. People spend time chatting with friends and learning new inventions and information from others through their posts. The internet contains several articles written by various authors and on a variety of subjects, including accounting, management, economics, and marketing. The internet provides the most convenient source of information; knowledge from the internet learners can be transfer and put to practical applications at their workplaces. In-service trainings constitutes learning programs organizations plan, develop and administer to their employees. These programs are effective in self-managed learning because they are provided by the organization that exactly understands its needs and skill requirements.   Ã‚  

Analytical Application Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analytical Application - Coursework Example Country Annual inflation rate Spot rate USA 3% N/A UK 4.2% 1.62 Substituting the values in the purchasing power parity formula Forward rate = ( 1 + 0.042 ) x 1.62 1 + 0.030 Forward rate = 1.639 Answer 2 The appreciation / (Depreciation) in the British pound using the interest rate parity theory is as follows Country Spot rate One year forward rate Appreciation / (Depreciation) Percentage UK 1.62 1.633 0.013 0.80% The appreciation / (Depreciation) in the British pound using the purchasing power parity theory is as follows Country Spot rate One year forward rate Appreciation / (Depreciation) Percentage UK 1.62 1.639 0.019 1.17% Answer 3 The forecasted forward rate using both interest rate parity theory and the purchasing power parity theory appears to be an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate of the currency. Interest rate is a very important factor in determining the relative exchange rate in an economy and in most countries the Federal Reserve and Central Banks publish the forw ard exchange rates of the foreign currencies using the prevailing interest rate in the economy. Similarly, the forecast of rate using the purchasing power parity theory can also be concluded as the unbiased estimation of the forward rate. Answer 4 According to the interest rate parity theory, the difference between the interest rate of two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate of two countries. In the current global economy, interest rate parity theory plays a great part in connecting the interest rates and exchange rates of two countries. The origin of this theory can be associated to an article written by Walther Lotz in 1884 which was concerned with the Vienna forward market. In 1927, another renowned economist Keynes pointed out the fact that forward premiums are affected by the relative interest differential. There are certain assumptions which need to be considered. The securities, both domestic and foreign, are con sidered to be identical in terms of maturity time and risk. It is the prevailing interest rate on these securities that is utilized in the interest rate parity calculation. In addition, it is also assumed that there are no capital controls or transaction cost and market imperfections. Purchasing power parity theory is another theory widely used in determining the forward rates of a particular currency. As per this theory, when a country’s inflation rate rises, the demand for its currency declines as its exports also declines due to the higher prices. As a corresponding impact, the importers and firms in that country start putting more emphasis on the imported goods and other items. These two factors in combination cast a downward impact on the high inflation of a country’s currency. Inflation rates do not remain constant between countries which cause international trade patterns and exchange rates to adjust accordingly. There are two forms of purchasing power parity th eory. One is absolute form and the other is relative form. The

The Analysis of “Loser-hero” Essay Example for Free

The Analysis of â€Å"Loser-hero† Essay In the book â€Å"Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales†, as the title suggests, author Paul Varley studies numerous war tales from hundreds of years of Japanese history, throughout the rise of the samurai warrior culture and the societal change that went along with it. From ancient war tales like the Shomonki to tales firmly in the medieval times like the Taiheiki, the changes in battlefield customs and warrior society are presented and studied as they change and evolve. Despite all the social changes occurring in these time periods, a certain element stays the same throughout all these tales, the warriors themselves. The main focus of nearly all these war tales follows the rise and equally the fall of esteemed warriors of the period. The tales also touch on time honored values and beliefs such as honor, respect and reputation frequently. The evolution and prevalence of these values influences the way of life of the warriors in the tales, on and off the battlefield. Varley goes one step further to separate warriors into distinct, classic categorizes, based upon their characteristics and actions. There are three archetypes: loser-hero, tragic loser-hero, and failed loyalist hero, with almost all warriors discussed in the book fitting into one group or another. Why would Paul Varley put such emphasis of the three archetypes of heroes in Japanese history? The explanation is found in the analysis of the characters themselves, and noticing the fact that they continually come up in Japanese literature. In order to better understand the usefulness of the three main archetypes in Japanese history, it would be prudent to first start with the definition and analysis of the characters themselves. The first archetype to appear in â€Å"Warriors of Japan† is the loser-hero, a good example of which can be found in the tale of Minamoto no Tametoto. Tametoto is particularly special in that he is a loser-hero but not a tragic loser-hero, as the two are very similar and easily connected. The Hogen Monogatari tales recount the story of the Hogen Rebellion, which the feared and treasured warrior Tametoto fought in. By most accounts, although most likely fictionalized for the sake of storytelling, Tametoto was a fierce and ruthless soldier, whose skills with a bow impressed any who witnessed them. From his extensive experience in war, Tametoto has seen the success that a night attack can bring, and believes that it is the best way to defeat the opposition in this conflict, the Sutoku. He argues to his comrades that if they do not use this strategy on the enemy, the enemy will use it on them. His advice is rejected by the Fujiwara leader Yorinaga, and the enemy does indeed attack that night. The Fujiwara and Minamoto base at the Shirakawa Palace is defended valiantly by Tametoto, but with few reinforcements is basically fighting by himself. At one point it seems that Tametoto is actually winning the fight, at least until the Sutoku side sets the palace on fire, forcing Tametoto to flee the palace where he is captured by the enemy. In this story, Tametoto is a loser hero because it is not his fault that he is defeated, his effort was fantastic and it was the faults of others, namely Yorinaga, that lead to his defeat. Paul Varley defines the tragic loser-hero as â€Å"One who fails or comes to grief at least in part because of some weakness or flaw of his own-he is not done in entirely by others or by outside forces-and whose end if made especially moving because his reduced state evokes memories of an earlier time of fame and glory† (Varley, 57). Some defining traits of a tragic loser-hero are that he is always aided by an ever-faithful follower who is always at his side, and that his indecision and inactivity in his last moments leads to his defeat. Minamoto no Yoshitsune from the Heike Monogatari tales is a perfect example of the classic tragic loser-hero. Though a â€Å"vigorous commander†, Yoshitsune eventually fails because of his â€Å"political ineptitude† and â€Å"his rash handling of Kajiwara no Kagetoki† (Varley, 155). One thing that makes tragic loser heroes so interesting is that they are often rather relatable; they have flaws that in their character, they make bad decisions and lose their temper. This evokes a sense of sympathy in the reader, and this underdog characteristic lends well to fictionalized tales and song celebrating the warrior spirit. There are many tragic loser-heroes throughout the war tales studied in â€Å"Warrior of Japan†, because it is an important archetype that has its place in Japanese literature. The last specific subtype of hero we are going to explore is the Failed Loyalist Hero. This hero is generally characterized by his self-sacrificing loyalty, specifically his unswerving devotion to Emperor Godaigo and the southern court. This loyalty is usually what leads to the hero’s eventual death in battle. Readers take an interest in the extreme self-sacrificing loyalty displayed by these characters; loyalty is explained in â€Å"Warriors of Japan† as a highly respected virtue in Japanese history and literature. The failed loyalist is different from the other types of heroes in that these type of characters do not become prominent until the Taiheiki, where warriors become way more ingrained with imperial loyalism. Before this period, a lot of warriors do have devotion to their commanders and emperor, but not to the extent that they could be considered a failed loyalist hero. Now that the archetypes are defined and their differences detailed, it would be useful to also explore their similarities, of which there are many. Most notably, the only difference between a loser-hero and a tragic loser-hero is that a tragic loser-hero’s defeat is the result of a personal flaw. While sometime this distinction often clearly separates a loser from a tragic-loser hero, the commonalities often lead to a character becoming both archetypes. The failed loyalist hero, however, does not have as many parallels to the other types, but there are still some shared traits. Still a superb warrior, the failed loyalist follows the warrior lifestyle and the battlefield customs of the time. Also, the amount of loyalty that character possesses is no unlike the tragic-loser and loser heroes, it’s just that the failed loyalist hero is loyal to the point where that trait brings on his downfall. So in conclusion, all the hero archetypes may be distinctly separated, but generally share a few traits at the least, showing a clear theme of the warrior culture of the time. A theme that contains ideals like devotion, respect, loyalty, bravery, and honor. The only issue left to address would be that of why author Paul Varley would take interest to stressing the different archetypes of heroes, and feel the discussion of them it imperative to the study of Japanese literary war tales. The best explanation of it may have been said by the author himself, as he writes, â€Å"Firstly, there is a distinct liking in Japanese literature, discernible in the earliest writings, for stories of the sufferings and tragic fates of those who lose out in particular events or affairs† (Varley, 56). Varley understands that dramatic characters are important to Japanese literature, and as such strives to maintain that element of the literature by examining the hero archetypes, which are inherently tragic and sometimes contain suffering. The often fictionalized and embellished stories of the warriors indicated that something about Japanese culture at the time enjoyed a good story, often for reasons other than the basic factual details of what took place. A great illustration of this is the often embellished story of loser-hero Tametoto, because while based on a real person, through the retellings of his story his character was often greatly exaggerated and propelled to mythical levels. He went from being a regular, even exceptional warrior in real life to a â€Å"veritable superman† and â€Å"a monster† in the war tales (Varley, 56). This evolution of Tametoto’s character, and other characters throughout Japanese history, suggests an affinity in Japanese culture and literature for theatrical and compelling narratives. Much speculation can be made about why this is, but the main intent of this study is the compelling conclusion that Paul Varley decided to stress the three archetypes of heroes discussed because of their inherent importance and presence in Japanese history, literature, and culture. Citations: Varley, Paul H. Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales. Honolulu: University of Hawaii P, 1994.

The Working Principle Of Network OSI Layers

The Working Principle Of Network OSI Layers A stand-alone personal computer means a computer having an operating system, user programs and data. It has the means to put information on a floppy diskette, on a hard disk, or on paper. Information from such a computer to passes to another user only by first taking a copy. The copy can be in a form of a printout or it can be information in a floppy disk, a removable hard disk, or on a compact disk. Analysis of data 1. What is computer network? A  computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of  computers  and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. 2. Elements of computer networks End  devices, also referred as hosts: The sources and destinations of the communication. The devices the end users are most familiar with. These devices act as the  interface  between the end users and the underlying  network. Intermediary devices: Devices that give network access to the attached end devices and  transport  the messages between hosts. Usually it is  transparent  to the end users. Also, these devices accomplish communication functions in order to ensure the success of the communication process.  Examples: Hubs, switches, routers, modems, firewalls, etc. Transmission media: The physical media that  connects  the devices, enabling the exchange of messages between them. It may be wired, that is, some  copper  cable or optical  fiber  cable, or wireless, that is, some radio link. Services:  Network, aware software applications that request network resources in order to enjoy the end user of the application some provided service. Processes: Software that runs on network devices in order to support the communication functions in accordance with the established, also in software, communication rules or protocols and facilitate the provision of services to the end users. Messages: Well-known applications. Include telephone calls, e-mail, web pages, etc. Devices and media are the physical elements or hardware of the network, whereas the services and the processes are the computer programs or software of the network. We have to note that modern  computer networks  are converged data or information networks, meaning that can carry any type of information between wide ranges of devices, and provide previously separate and distinct conventional communication methods and services, as well as new, alternative communication forms onto a common platform. 3. Explanation about seven OSI layers in clear The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. The  OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. Application (Layer 7): This layer supports  application  and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data  syntax  are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for  file transfers,  e-mail, and other  network  software  services.  Telnet  and  FTP  are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. Presentation (Layer 6) This layer provides independence from differences in data representation by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a  network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. Session (Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. Transport (Layer 4) This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or  hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and  flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. Network (Layer 3) This layer provides  switching  and  routing  technologies, creating logical paths, known as  virtual circuits, for transmitting data from  node  to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as  addressing,  internetworking, error handling,  congestion  control and packet sequencing. Data Link (Layer 2) At this layer, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control layer and the  Logical Link Control  layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame  synchronization, flow control and error checking. Physical (Layer 1) This layer conveys the bit stream electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.  Fast Ethernet,  RS232, and  ATM  are  protocols  with physical layer components. 4. Relationship between all the layers The OSI model originally distinguishes between service, interval and protocols.   The TCP/IP model doesnt clearly distinguish between service, interval and protocol. The OSI model is a reference model. .The TCP/IP model is an implementation of the OSI model. In OSI model, the protocols came after the model was described. In TCP/TP model, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols. In OSI model, the protocols are better hidden. In TCP/IP model, the protocols are not hidden. The OSI model has 7 layers. The TCP/IP model has only 4 layers. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection -oriented communication in transport layer. The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer, giving users the choice. Explain all the layers with example network? Application Layer 7: It is employed in software packages which implement client-server software. When an application on one computer starts communicating with another computer, then the Application layer is used. The header contains parameters that are agreed between applications. This header is often only sent at the beginning of an application operation. Examples of services within the application layer include: FTP DNS SNMP SMTP gateways Web browser Network File System (NFS) Telnet and Remote Login (rlogin) X.400 FTAM Database software Print Server Software Presentation Layer 6: This provides function call exchange between host operating systems and software layers. It defines the format of data being sent and any encryption that may be used, and makes it presentable to the Application layer. Examples of services used are listed below: MIDI HTML GIF TIFF JPEG ASCII EBCDIC Session Layer 5: The Session layer defines how data conversations are started, controlled and finished. The Session layer manages the transaction sequencing and in some cases authorization. The messages may be bidirectional and there may be many of them, the session layer manages these conversations and creates notifications if some messages fail. Indications show whether a packet is in the middle of a conversation flow or at the end. Only after a completed conversation will the data is passed up to layer 6. Examples of Session layer protocols are listed below: RPC SQL NetBIOS names AppleTalk ASP Decent SCP Transport Layer 4: This layer is responsible for the ordering and reassembly of packets that may have been broken up to travel across certain media. Some protocols in this layer also perform error recovery. After error recovery and reordering the data part is passed up to layer 5. Examples are: TCP UDP SPX Network Layer 3: This layer is responsible for the delivery of packets end to end and implements a logical addressing scheme to help accomplish this. This can be connectionless or connection-oriented and is independent of the topology or path that the data packets travel. Routing packets through a network is also defined at this layer plus a method to fragment large packets into smaller ones depending on MTUs for different media. Once the data from layer 2 has been received, layer 3 examines the destination address and if it is the address of its own end station, it passes the data after the layer 3 headers to layer 4. Examples of Layer 3 protocols include: Appletalk DDP IP IPX DECnet Data Link Layer 2: This layer deals with getting data across a specific medium and individual links by providing one or more data link connections between two network entities. End points are specifically identified, if required by the Network layer Sequencing. The frames are maintained in the correct sequence and there are facilities for Flow control and Quality of Service parameters such as Throughput, Service Availability and Transit Delay. Examples include: IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 802.5 Token Ring HDLC Frame Relay FDDI ATM PPP The Data link layer performs the error check using the Frame Check Sequence in the trailer and discards the frame if an error is detected. It then looks at the addresses to see if it needs to process the rest of the frame itself or whether to pass it on to another host. The data between the header and the trailer is passed to layer 3. The MAC layer concerns itself with the access control method and determines how use of the physical transmission is controlled and provides the token ring protocols that define how a token ring operates. The LLC shields the higher level layers from concerns with the specific LAN implementation. Physical Layer 1: This layer deals with the physical aspects of the media being used to transmit the data. The electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional means this defines things like pin outs, electrical characteristics, modulation and encoding of data bits on carrier signals. It ensures bit synchronization and places the binary pattern that it receives into a receive buffer. Once it decodes the bit stream, the physical layer notifies the data link layer that a frame has been received and passes it up. Examples of specifications include: V.24 V.35 EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 FDDI 802.3 802.5 Ethernet RJ45 NRZ NRZI Conclusion To conclude with a computer network provides connectivity between computers like autonomous systems, networks or nodes. It permits sharing of various resources among all, or several, or one of those computers that are associated with the network.

Training the Parent for Sport Essay -- Sports Athletics Parenting Essa

Training the Parent for Sport Imagine a beautiful spring afternoon at a community soccer match for young children in the area. The game begins with an enjoyable and exciting atmosphere. The kids are running their hearts out chasing down the ball and the parents watching seem so incredibly proud of their little Johnny or little Suzy. Everyone seems to be having fun. Then, simply be accident, one of the players trips and falls on the field. He or she gets up unhurt but the player’s parent is sent into a torrent yelling and screaming that their child’s fall was a result of foul play. The parent becomes louder and when the coach tries to calm the parent down, the parent throws a punch at the coach. A fight ensues, the game is halted, and everyone goes home disappointed and discouraged by the day’s events. As coaches I realize many of you may not have seen with your own eyes a parent’s obnoxious behavior escalate to such irrational violence, but you have seen disruptive and rude behavior in parents attending your games. This is a serious problem and is becoming more and more prevalent. While there are no official statistics on the amount of violence involving parents at youth sporting events, the examples are numerous. A Sarasota father was arrested after storming the field and punching the referee during his son’s flag football game (Elvin 3). Other incidents reported last year include â€Å"a soccer mother in Greensboro, NC was charged with assault after hitting a referee after a game. A father in Cleveland punched a 15-year-old boy during a soccer game because he felt the player had pushed his son† (Stewart 1) and, probably the most familiar case, Thomas Junta was charged with manslaughter af... ...al behavior. This training class is the best possible way to fix this problem. Sports are supposed to encompass learning to work together as a team, sportsmanship, and trying your hardest, not the pressure that an obnoxious parent can put on a game. Engh highlights the importance of the training program so as to â€Å"ensure that all children have fun and rewarding experiences. After all, that’s what sports are all about!† (Sachs 3). Works Cited Elvin, John. â€Å"New Penalties for Being a Bad Sport.† Insight on the News . V17 (April 23, 2002): 35. Robinson, Bryan. â€Å"More Lessons Needed.† ABCNews.com. http://abcnews.go.com/ Sections/us/DailyNews/sportsviolence020114.html . (February 17, 2002). Sachs, Michael L. â€Å"Lighten up, Parents!† USA Today . Nov. 2000: 62. Stewart, Mark. â€Å"Good Sports?† Insight on the News . V16 (June 19, 2000): 28.

The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit

Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146. The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146.

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

She dedicated her life serving the poor. She loved the unloved, cared for the un-cared, helped the dying, the cripple, and the mentally ill. She served everyone with her love and the love of God. She touched the hearts of those who doubted her because of her love and commitment to God. Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later named Mother Teresa, was born on August 26, 1910 in Skopje, Yugoslavia. She was born into an Albanian Roman Catholic family. There were three children, one boy and two girls. She was the youngest. She attended the government school. In her teens, Agnes became a member of a youth group in her local parish called Sodality. Through her involvement with their activities guided by Yugoslavian priests, Agnes became interested in missionaries in India. There, letters from Yugoslavian priests working in Bengal were read. Young Agnes was one of the Sodalists who volunteered for the Bengal Mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When she turned eighteen, she left home to join the Irish Loreto order, whose Sisters ran a mission in Calcutta, India. Mother Teresa’s first assignment was teaching high school girls in Calcutta from 1929 to 1946. There she taught geography at the St. Mary’s High School. For some years, she was a principal of the school and was also in charge of the Daughters of St. Anne, the Indian religious order attached to the Loreto Sisters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By December 1, 1928 Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu had chosen the name of Sister Mary Teresa of the Child Christ after Teresa of Liseux. â€Å"On May 24, 1937, Sister Teresa committed herself to her vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience for life and in doing so became, as was then usual for Loreto nuns, ‘Mother Teresa’† (Spink 17).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1946, she wanted to work directly with the poor. She applied for permission to go out and work among the poor in the slums of the city. â€Å"It was among these people that she felt a call to work, and to spend the rest of her life, in daily contact with them† (Spink 224). Her request to work with the poor was granted. Finally, she changed from the uniform of the Loreto order to the customary cheap Indian sari. Her work started after an intensive course in nursing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to the Sisters, Mother Teresa founded four other bra... ...d.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing one’s goal and devoting her life to the helpless, this is the story of Mother Teresa. Not only was she a servant of god, she was recognized as a mother to many. â€Å"I'm just a little pencil in his hand. Tomorrow, if he finds somebody more helpless, more hopeless, I think he will do still greater things with her and through her† (Crimp 85). Mother Teresa lived an extraordinary life. With one word to describe her, I would say she was miraculous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Crimp, Susan. Touched by a Saint: Personal Encounters with Mother Teresa. Notre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dame, Indiana: Sorin Books, 2000. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God: Mother Teresa of Calcutta. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: Harper & Row, 1971. Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. San Francisco:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. -------.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Miracle of Love: Mother Teresa of Calcutta, her Missionaries of Charity, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her Co-workers. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981.

Ponyboy curtis

He matures throughout the course of the novel, a ND earning things about life, he's naive and inexperienced compared to the 10th errs. He's very thoughtful, and has good motives and intentions. He's a loyal person and always sticks up for what's right. He's not spoiled or selfish. He's grateful for what he has. PWS world has been turned upside down after his parents were killed in an AU automobile accident just eight months before The Outsiders story takes place. Do you area lies that he's an orphan and he just lives with his older brothers Darryl which is only 20 years old ND Soda who's 16.Lucky Darryl' has a legal custody of Soda and Pony boy. Pony wants there to be no fighting Beethoven the Soc and the greasers. pony likes sunsets, books and he also like poems which he always memoir zees. He lines at the movie house, † I had a long walk home and no company, but I usually lone it anyway, for no reason except that I like to watch movies† † and nobody in our gang di gs books and movies the way I do† Pony has a different attitude and behavior than the others in his gang.Greasers are almost like hoods, we steal things and drive old speedup cars and hold up gas stations and have gang fights once in a while . I don't mean I do things like that† The other greasers are tough/ rude while pony is sensitive,soft and also humble. He saved the kids from the church fire and doubt that the greasers would've do en that. Darryl always says that Pony has a lack of common sense. He can admit the at he isn't the greatest at school but that's because he's not that interested in shoo I.He can also have some lack of common sense when he's in trouble but even if he get s in to trouble a lot he still has he's feet on the ground. Pony has always been proud to be a greaser, even willing to rumble again SST a gang of Soc for the sake of his fellow greasers. He does not like few of the people in the his crew, particularly hazardous Dallas Winston, however he would do anything f or Dallas and would be protect him from the hazard whether it is possible. The bonus a accordance Pony is the thread that keeps his bunch along. It cuts across their different sees.Those are loyal to the one another because they are known each other well h as grown up along, and have enjoyed tough times along. In the case the Curtis boys is t heir allegiance in order to their brothers and of orphaned brothers. But to me, a loyal person is also just a someone we can or should admire. I be live we should admire Pony to resolve all the trouble he has and been through . S omen who is loyal is someone you can trust, takes care of you, is concerned about y defends you, helps you, and more importantly loves you. Pony is the prefer CT example of that.

Judicial Response to Environmental Issues in India

Environmental protection during the last few years has become not only a matter of national concern but of global importance. It is now an established truth beyond all doubts that without a clean environment the very survival of mankind is at stake. Decline in environmental quality has been evidenced by increasing pollution, loss of vegetal over and bio-diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the ambient atmosphere and food chains, growing risks of environmental accidents and threat to life support systems. This has drawn the attention of entire world community and therefore they resolved to protect and enhance the environment quality. How could the judiciary remain a silent spectator when the subject has acquired high importance and become a matter of caution and judicial notice. In a developing country like India, with uneducated masses, conditions of abject poverty, where the awareness of socio-economic and ecological problems in lacking, the judiciary has to play an active role to protect the people’s right against the anti-people order by infusing confidence in people as a whole for whom it exists, for as rightly put by Justice Lodha, â€Å"Judiciary exists for the people and not vice-versa. † Judiciary therefore cannot sit in silence and helplessly but must come forward actively to make good the deficiencies of law and provide relief wherever and whenever required. The Judiciary remained as a spectator to environmental exploitation until recently. But now judiciary assumed an effective role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. In India Environmental law is judicial response to the queries of its citizens against environmental exploitation and administrative sloth and also role played by the public interest litigation. Since 1985 most of the environment cases in India have been brought before the court as writ petitions, normally by individuals acting on pro bono basis. While numerous legislative steps have been taken to give effect to the significant right of man to live in a sound environment and the corresponding duty of the state and individuals to ensure environmental preservation and conservation, our present endeavor is to analyze the steps taken by judiciary to forward this goal. To achieve this end, the judiciary had evolved certain principles to provide effective remedy in case of violation of constitutional and legislative mandate. In the subsequent sub divisions, several concepts which the judiciary has evolved in order to give force to the right of man to a healthy environment would be briefly dealt with. Right to a Wholesome Environment Judicial recognition of environmental jurisprudence, in the backdrop of industrialization, reached its peak with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court that right to wholesome environment is a part of Article 21 of the Constitution. In Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, the court observed that Article 32 of the Constitution has been designed to enforce the fundamental rights of the citizen. The said articles provides for extraordinary procedure to enforce the right of a person. The right to life under Article 21 includes the right to enjoyment of pollution free water and air for full enjoyment of life. Judicial concern regarding right to wholesome environment has been reflected in subsequent pronouncements. It has issued appropriate directions where the government machinery has failed to perform its statutory duty, and thereby undermined the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and Other v. Union of India and Others, the chemical industries surrounding Bichhri Village in Udaipur (Rajasthan) contaminated the water, soil and air through the discharge of highly toxic effluents, particularly iron-based and gypsum based sludge. The court interfered to give proper remedy to the destitute villagers. It opined that the social interest litigation under Article 32 of the Constitution was a weapon in the hands of the people to enforce their right to wholesome environment, when it was blatantly disregarded by industries. In other words, the court reaffirmed that right to clean environment is an important facet of the right to life. In RLE Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex court declared that right to life includes ‘the right of the people to live in the healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecology and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, home and agriculture land and undue affection of air, water and environment’. Also, the Supreme Court, in Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, has put forward the view that matters relating to environment are of equal significance with those of human rights. In its own words: Environmental concerns arising in this court under Article 32 or under Article 136 or under Article 226 in the High Courts are in our view, of equal importance as Human Rights Concerns. In fact, both are to be traced to Article 21 which deals with fundamental right to life and liberty. While environmental aspect concern ‘life’, human right aspect concern liberty. Principles of Common Law In 1980, the Supreme Court held that clean civic life is the right of the inhabitants who reside within the municipal area. In Municipality Ratlam v. Vardichand, the petitioner, a municipal council, filed an appeal against the direction of the magistrate under section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The judicial magistrate, on application by the people of the area passed certain directions against the civic corporate body to bring cleanliness within the municipal area, as it had been polluted by open drains, human excreta, in absence of proper sanitation, and discharges from alcohol factories. The High Court affirmed the directions issued. Thereafter, the civil corporation filed a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court on the ground that the magistrate had no powers to pass order against the municipality. The Supreme Court took a very serious note of the miserable condition of the municipal area which posed health hazards for the people. Additionally the discharges from the alcohol plant overflowed the open drains making the condition more miserable. The Supreme Court issued certain directions, in addition to the magisterial directions, and fixed the time limit within which those were to be implemented. The significant contribution of this judgment, from the point of view of environmental criminal law was that, if any officer of the corporation failed to discharge his duties, then he could be punished under section 188 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Subsequently, in Ram Baj Shing v. Babulal, the Allahabad High Court tried to read atmospheric pollution within the broad spectrum of private nuisance, and issued permanent injunction against the polluting brick-grinding factory. The court enumerated that the dust emitting from a grinding machine factory created public hazards and injured the health of individual members of the society. ‘Any act would amount to private nuisance which caused injury, discomfort or annoyance to a person. ’ PIL with Reference to Environment Protection Since the last decade, PIL has played a unique role by which people belonging to different walks of life and especially the down trodden are getting social justice from the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts. The PIL is now recognized as an effective instrument of social change. It is because of this new strategic of pro bono litigation that the poor and the down trodden have been able to seek justice from courts. As a result of this development, a spate of environmental cases has been brought before the courts through public interest litigation. They have been filed either by individuals, voluntary organization or by letter/petitions sent to judges. In the following passages an attempt is being made to examine some of the leading judicial pronouncements on the point. i. Delhi Gas Leak case M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, popularily known as Delhi Gas Leak or Oleum Gas Leak Case, is the historic one in the field of environmental justice. The Supreme Court besides laying down substantial principles of law, embarked upon some important questions of law and policy which need to be answered. The Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law; First, the power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental right (in this case Article 21) includes the power to award compensation, albeit in exceptional cases. Thus, the court not only widened the scope of the Article 21 by including in it protection of environment but also included a liability in tort for those harmed others by pollution. Second, the judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new â€Å"no fault† liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in hazardous activities which has brought about radical changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes hazardous industries absolutely liable for the harm resulting from its activities. It is a standard which on its terms, admits of no defences. The case is significant from other points. The court further expanded the scope of â€Å"epistolary jurisdiction† when it reiterated that â€Å"a public spirited individual or a social action group acting pro bono public would suffice to ignite the jurisdiction of this court† and that hyper technical approach that defeated the ends of justice was inappropriate in PIL cases. ii. The Ganga Pollution Case The Ganga pollution cases are the most important water pollution cases in India to date. The brief facts being, in 1985, M. C. Mehta, an activist advocate and social worker, by way of a public interest litigation, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution inter alia, for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus, directing Kanpur Municipality to restrain itself from discharging waste water into the river Ganga, and governmental authorities and the tanneries at Jajmau near Kanp ur to stop polluting the river with sewage and trade effluents till such time that they put up necessary treatment plants for treating these effluents. The court in Mehta case I made order against the tanneries, while in Mehta case II ruled against municipalities and other governmental authorities. In Mehta case I, the court realizing the importance of water of the river Ganga in particular, and concerned over the continuing pollution of it by the industries and municipal wastes, reminded the conviction of environmental protection as enshrined in the directive principle in Article 48-A of the Constitution which provides that state shall endeavour to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and the wildlife of the country. Article 51-A which imposes a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. The court also invoked the Water Act as an indication of the importance of the prevention and control of water pollution. The court emphasized that notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Water Act the state boards had not taken effective steps to prevent the discharge of effluents in the river Ganga. The court ruled that the fact, as was asserted on behalf of the some of the tanneries, that the effluents were not directly discharged into the river but first discharged in to the municipal sewers, did not absolve them from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force, since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from Municipal Sewers. The ourt also invoked Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as further indication of the importance of prevention and control of water pollution and noted that not much has been done even under the Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. Mehta Case II related to the action taken against Kanpur Municipality and other Government entities for their failure to prevent waste water flowing to the river Ganga as was asserted in the original petition by the petitioner. Accordingly the Supreme Court directed Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika to: a. Complete the works to improve sewerage system within the target dates mentioned in the counter affidavits and not to delay the completion of those works beyond those dates. b. Take action against the dairies for either removing the waste accumulated near the dairies or to get them shifted to a place outside the city. c. Take immediate steps to increase the size of the sewers and wherever sewerage line is not yet constructed, to get it constructed. d. To construct sufficient number of latrines and urinals for the use of poor people in order to prevent defecation by them on open land. . The practice of throwing corpse and semi burnt corpses be brought to an end immediately. The Municipality and Police should take step to ensure that dead bodies or half burnt bodies are not thrown into the river Ganga. The remarkable thing about this judgment is that thought, it was a case against Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika but the court directed that this will apply mutatis mutandis to all other Mahapalikas and Municipalities which have jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows and accordingly directed to send the copy of judgment to all municipalities. ii. Dehradun Quarrying Case Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, or Dehradun Valley Litigation as it is commonly known, is one of the most complex environmental case handled by the Supreme Court. It is the first momentous decision of the apex court wherein it was required to balance environmental and ecological integrity against industrial demands on forest resources. The main question before the Supreme Court for consideration was whether the mine lessees could be allowed to mine quarrying operations. In its order of 12 March, 1985, the Supreme Court, after considering the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, ordered immediate closure of most dangerous mines and those falling within Mussoorie city’s board limits. The court finds that due to working of lime stone quarries there is imbalance to ecology or hazard to healthy environment, then in that case the court will order their closure. The court thus impliedly recognized right to a wholesome environment as implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution. iv. Calcutta Taj Hotel Case Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal, is an important town planning case which in categorical terms reiterates the court’s duty to protect environment. In this case, the Government of West Bengal gave on lease to the Taj Group, four acres of land belonging to the Calcutta Zoological Garden for the construction of a five star hotel. This garden was located in Alipore, the heart of Calcutta. It was this giving away of the land that w as challenged by a PIL petition, filed originally in the Calcutta High Court by two citizens of Calcutta-one the secretary of the Union of Workmen of the Zoological Garden and the other, a life member of the zoo. The Calcutta High Court upheld the lease in favour of the hoteliers. In appeal the Supreme Court held that ecological balance shall be maintained by the court in spite of the fact that such duty imposed on the government is merely a directive principle of state policy under Part IV of the constitution. The court further held: â€Å"Whenever a problem of ecology is brought before the court, the court is bound to bear in mind Article 48-A of the Constitution and Article 51A(g). When the court is called upon to give effect to the Directives Principles and fundamental duty, the court is not to shrug its shoulders and say that priorities are a matter of policy and so it is a matter for the policy-making authority. The least that the court may do is to examine whether appropriate considerations are borne in mind and irrelevancies are excluded. In appropriate cases the court may go further, but how much further must depend on the circumstances of the case. In view of the above approach the court adopting a liberal approach in favour of the development held that the Government has acted perfectly bonafidely in granting the lease and its action was not against the interests of the zoo or migrant birds visiting the zoo. On the contrary as the proposed hotel is a garden hotel there is every chance of the ecology and environment being improved as a result of planting of numerous trees around the premises and removal of the burial ground and dumping ground for rubbish . Conclusion Thus, the Supreme Court of India had taken into account the right to a healthy environment along with the right to sustainable development and balanced them. This concept of right to a healthy environment and sustainable development are the fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life, which has been constructed as such in many countries. The entire judicial construction by the Supreme Court and the High Courts also reveal the humanitarian approach to these environmental laws with the help of public interest litigations. The Indian Supreme Court was the first to develop the concept of right to healthy environment as a part of life under Article 21 of our constitution. This principle is now been adopted and followed in various other countries now. Suggestions In this paper the researcher wants to recommends the following suggestions. 1)The problem can be very well addressed to masses with the help of clinical environmental education, as there will be specialized treatment to sensitize people about environmental problems. Moreover, innovative minds can come out with very real solutions. 2)There should be separation of funds for issues related to environmental protection and international financial institutions should leap forward to take care of nation. 3)Governments of the nation should make provisions for environmental protection officers, those who should have the power to accept grievances against the public authorities who are not responding to legislative policies of environment protection. )The judiciary should go for dialogic activism i. e. through judgments it should enter a dialogue with several agencies of states to implement the agenda of environmental protection. 5)There should be an environmental census i. e. a questionnaire should be made about the general awareness on environmental protection and to distribute it to the people which would be helpful in the collection of data on prevailing conditions.

Ode to the West Wind versus Life Will

It Is amazing to see the slmllarltles between their poems â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† and â€Å"Life Will† despite the differences In times & cultures as well as the fact that Elshabby didn't know any other language than Arabic was thus Indirectly influenced by the romantic school through his assoclatlon with Apollo school. Both Shelly, in his â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† and Elshabby, in his â€Å"Life Will† follow the tradition of romantic poets in recognizing nature as a rebellious force capable of making a change in our life. Shelly both admires and fears the changes nature's rebellious forces can wreak.Elshabby, however, is consumed by the hope that people will take their cue from nature and become so fully rebellious against oppression till they eliminate all sorts of oppression. Shelley's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† expresses the hope that its words will inspire and influence those who read or hear it. Perhaps more than anything else, Shelley wanted his message of reform and revolution spread, and the wind becomes the trope for spreading the word of change through the poet-prophet figure. The poem allegorizes the role of the poet as the voice of change and revolution.It discusses political change, revolution, and role of the poet. â€Å"Life Will† by Elshabby is one of the greatest revolutionary poems written in Arab's world. It still lives till now as it had recently inspired the Arab Spring Revolutions, just as it had inspired revolution against colonization throughout the Arab world in the previous century, when it was written at 1933. The poet uses his verses to evoke people to revolt against and get rid of their oppressor, as If he wants his nation to roar at and eliminate them till there Is nothing left to oppress the people.Sometimes, the poet feels as If his people are not as responsive to his outcry as he may wish, but he doesn't lose hope. He Is consumed by hope believing his nation will revolt at last b reaking the chains with a tremendous will that can't be efeated. Both poems are similar In their classical structure & romantic content. â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† consists of five stanzas written In terza rlma. Each stanza consists of four tercets (ABA, BCB, CDC, DED) and a rhyming couplet (EE). The structure & rhyme confirm to classical tradltlon & resembles Dante's â€Å"Dlvlne Comedy†.The poem follows the romantic tradltlon of glvlng nature and Its elements life. It begins with three stanzas describing the wind's effects upon earth, air, and ocean. The last two stanzas are Shelley direct monologue to the wind, asking for its ower, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? † â€Å"Life Will† consists of six stanzas with a mono rhyme; for each verse ends with an (R). Also, the verses are divided into t wo halves according to classic Arabic poetry tradition.The declamatory beginning of the poem is another feature of classic Arabic poetry. Then Elshabby introduces the elements of nature and their spirit as the speaker of the poem showing an indirect nfluence by Romanticism. â€Å"Almotaqareb† poetry â€Å"bahr† and the (R) mono rhyme lend a quick tempo to the poem absent from Shelly's Ode. The poem is full of certainty shown in the word â€Å"AN† which means â€Å"must† and stressed by the last verse: 131 As opposed tothe uncertainty at the end of Shelly's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind†: ‘If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?Though both poems give life to nature ; its elements, each expresses this romantic belief in a different manner. â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† personifies the west wind both as a â€Å"Destroyer† and a â€Å"Preserver†. It is seen as a great power of nature that destroys in order to create, that kills the unhealthy and the decaying to make way for the new and the fresh. In â€Å"Life Will†, Elshabby introduces the wind as a link between inspiration and revolution. It is likened to the revolutionary wind insides him. He stresses that people's will to revolt is the real life that can change destiny and destroy the chains oppressing people.Shelly's Ode shows the effect of the Wild West Wind' on land, sky & sea. The first few lines contain sinister elements, such as ‘leaves dead'. These leaves haunt as ‘ghosts' fleeing from something that panics them. Other allusions to death are ‘chariotest' and ‘corpse within its grave'. He contrasts the west wind to the ‘azure sister of the spring a reference to the east wind – whose ‘living hues and odours' evoke a strong contrast to the colours of death. The sky's ‘clouds' are ‘like earth's decaying leaves'.They also are numerous in number like the dead leaves. Through this reference the landscape is recalled again. The ‘clouds' are ‘Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean'. The ‘clouds' can also be seen s ‘Angels of rain', like messengers bringing change. Here, the west wind is two things at once: first he is ‘dirge/Of the dying year'; singing a funeral song about the year coming to an end and second he is â€Å"a prophet of tumult whose prediction is decisive†; a prophet who does not only bring ‘black rain, and fire, and hail', but who Will burst' it.The ‘locks of the approaching storm' are the messengers of this bursting: the ‘clouds'. Elshabby doesn't describe scenery so much as recount what the elements of life advised him. The land speaks to him. She tells him she likes mbitious revolutionary people and curses dead people who want the status quo kept. The poet calls the land â€Å"mother† invoking an intimate relationship between them. He then declares what each element of nature advi sed; the wind roared among valleys, mountains and trees that achieving ambitions means discarding caution and expending the effort to reach the final goal.He contrasts this with people who won't try to climb up the mountains and thus live forever beneath their dreams. He talks about autumn, drinking wine, sea and seeds stressing revival and the cycle f nature and describing spring and its beauty. The turning-point in Shelly's poem is the third stanza. Whereas Shelley had began by accepting the cycle of nature ; death which brings life back, he now turns to â€Å"wistful reminiscence as an alternative possibility of transcendence†.He gives an image of nature ‘so sweet that one feels alludes to his fear of the revolution that would bring about change even while he is wishing for this change. Whereas the first three stanzas began with ‘O wild West Wind' and ‘Thou†¦ ‘ and were clearly directed to the wind, there is a change in the ourth stanza. The fo cus is no more on the Wind', but on the speaker who says ‘If I ‘ Shelley wishes to identify himself with the wind, although he believes that were a he cannot do that: ‘Oh, lift me up as a wave, a leaf, a cloud'.Because he suddenly remembers his inability as a human to soar, he fall upon the thorns of life' and ‘bleed'. Elshabby also aligns himself with nature. First, he calls earth as ‘his mother'. Then he states that the wind and thunder of revolution live in his heart allowing him to listen to the music of rain as if showing him how nature moves and works all round him to encourage people to do the same; to move and work to revolt against oppression. He then asks darkness about hope, but it doesnt answer. It is the lyre that answers.It says that winter brings death but the seeds hide under ground waiting for spring to come alive. There is another dialogue between destiny and elements of nature. Destiny asks when will hope come and spring comes to answ er her with his revival of life. All through this stanza, darkness, winter and death stands for oppression while spring and seeds stand for hope of coming free. He ends the oem with a repetition of the first stanza stressing the idea that destiny must & will respond to those who has ambition for freedom & change.Shelly ends his poem with a question: ‘If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?. This is of course a rhetorical question because spring does come after winter, but the â€Å"if† suggests that it might not come if the rebirth is not strong and extensive enough. Thus the question has a deeper meaning and does not only mean the change of seasons, but is a reference to death and rebirth as well. Shelly's Ode is about the role of the poet as the agent of olitical and moral change.In this, it resembles Elshabby's poem which invoked the people to revolt against oppression. Both describe nature and its elements as alive, but where Shelly is both admiring and in owe of nature, Elshabby is more direct in invoking the power of nature and revoking caution and fear. Also, where Shelly wishes to have the power of the wind, even though he believes it is impossible, Elshabby aligns himself completely with nature and encourage others to follow his example as the only way they can attain â€Å"life will† which can achieve their dreams nd hopes.Elshabby's poem also evokes more hope & certainty of achieving this hope, ambition & bravery as well as disregard & rejection of caution & fear while achieving it in contrast to Shelly admiration & fear of change. I might be biased in my view that Elshabby's â€Å"Life Will† is stronger and livelier than Shelly's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind†, but in that I might be pardoned as Elshabby's â€Å"Life Will† has been revived with the current Arab Spring giving us renewed hope for change and freedom and coming more alive in the process than Shelly's ode can ever hope to be.

International Business Case Study Essay

Q. 1 (Chapter 2) Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect the operations of a foreign company doing business there. Uganda is a country of 25 million people. The official language is English. A significant portion of the population spoke the indigenous language. Two-thirds of Ugandans are Christians (Roman Catholics and Anglicans). Muslim and animist communities are found in urban areas. Uganda has a history of violence and corruption. The dictatorship of General Idi Amin had left thousands dead in the countryside. A large number of Ugandan refugees fled to neighboring countries of Rwanda, Zaire, and Sudan. Nepotism may also be considered a norm in government. Indeed, the Ugandan government is considered to be the most corrupt in the world. For HG to complete its power plant project, it must consider the following facts: 1) government transactions are usually impersonal and familial in nature, 2) any foreign company which plan to invest in the country must observe its traditionalist stance on financial issues, 3) hiring is usually conducted by word of mouth, and 4) some business practices in Uganda are unethical in the United States, and 5) the Ugandan government is prone to bribery and violence (a foreign company operating in Uganda must face the prospect of bribery and extra-government negotiations). Q. 2 Who was right, Green or Martin, about Martin’s more controversial actions in facilitating the project? How might things have turned out if Martin had not been a member of the project team? Green is right about two things. First, it would be irresponsible on the part of Martin to isolate himself from his colleagues. For example, Martin could certainly afford to live in one of the upscale neighborhoods that were home to most foreign managers working in the country’s capital. Martin, defying corporate ‘rule of thumb’ preferred a middle-class Ugandan neighborhood and declined to frequent the places where fellow expatriates typically gathered. Martin’s actions may lead to a conflict in the coordination process, as far as the project is concerned. Second, much of the problem lies with Martin’s hiring practices. Martin had developed the practice of personally mentioning job openings to local people. The practice is beneficial in some respects. For example, ‘hiring the niece of a high-ranking customs officer couldn’t hurt when it came to getting import clearances’ (case, 4). The problem with this practice is that, if word reached ‘the higher echelons of the Ugandan government, HG would find itself dealing with people in a position to demand large payments for such services as, say, not finding the excuse to delay the project’ (case, 4). If the international business community found that HG is engaging in unethical business behavior, then it will damage the image of the company. In retrospect, Martin’s ‘adaptation’ strategy seems to be ‘out of bounds’ and excessive. Indeed, it will be beneficial for the company to replace Martin with a more pragmatic successor to complete the project. Note that the time lag between project completion and phasing is the same whether or not Martin is in the position of project director. Indeed, if Martin is retained as project director, he will still face the difficulty of completing the project on time due to cultural and political constraints (opposition from tribes and the prospect of politicking). Q. 1 (Chapter 11) What is eBay’s core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy?  The company’s core competency depends on its long-term objectives: supporting interaction in the eBay community by providing an online framework to valued buyers and clients, upholding the principles of trust and safety, insuring low fraud losses and protection to community members, and focusing on market efficiency in the delivery of products. The company’s distribution system demands little supervision. Most sellers pay eBay for the design, production, restructuring, and monitoring of products and auction prices. In practical terms, eBay has been the primary source of income for many sellers. Indeed, this is part of the company’s competency program – to extend its market niche and ensure financial continuity within a broad consumer base. Q. 5 What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding eBay’s strategy – today and in the future? The company claims that it can transform the international business marketplace in ways that will create more jobs and opportunities for exporters and importers. It also claims that it can help impoverished nations and improve efficiency in the global market. The point of the company’s claims is: the virtual market is the future of economic development. The claims are not only absurd but totally out of view. At present, it is the manufacturing and service sectors which comprise the core of the global economy. If the company’s framework is the future of economic development, then it must be restructured to suit these conditions. Indeed, it is irresponsible on the part of the company to assume that its developmental framework is the ‘rule of thumb’ of the global corporate world (a fallacy indeed).

Can event management education in the UK successfully prepare for Literature review

Can event management education in the UK successfully prepare for industry professionals of the future - Literature review Example . Types of event management: McDonnell I (1999) says that in order to be successful in the field of event management, no matter what department of specialization one needs certain qualities which are as follows: Negotiating skills. Creative skills. Convincing skills. Coordinating skills. Planning skills. Executing and implementing skills. According to Royal C (1998) there is a list of the varied events that are organized by the cross section of event companies: Business events, Corporate events. Cause related events, Coordinating skills, Fundraising events, Exhibitions, Trade fairs, The Structure of the events industry: Foley P (1996) says that the rapid growth of events in the past decade led to the formation of an identifiable event industry with its own practitioners, suppliers and professional associations. The emergence of the industry has involved the identification and refinement of a discrete body of knowledge of the industry’s best practice accompanied by a period of rapid globalization of markets and communication which has affected the nature of and trends within the industry. Further it has been accompanied by an era of increasing government regulation, which has resulted in a complex and demanding operational environment. The following section describes the key components of the event industry. Begrudge G (2006) says that the events are often staged or hosted by event organizations which may be event specific bodies such as the Harrogate International Festival or the Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts. Other events are run by special teams within larger organizations such as BBC Good Food Show organized by BBC Haymarket Exhibitions or ITMA 2003 which was organized by a team within the NEC Group. Corporate Events are often organized by in-house event teams or by project teams within the companies that are putting on the event. Event management education and Training: According to Walters P (2008) as the size and the needs of the event industry have grown event management training has started to emerge as a discrete discipline. In the early years of the industry the field was characterized by a large number of volunteers. Those event managers who obtained paid positions came from a variety of related disciplines, drawing on their knowledge gained form that discipline and skills learnt on the job. As industry has grown a lot and government is allocating funds for event management industry, this leads a high demand of professional and educated event managers. Event management seems to be an easy job but without having a professional degree, sometimes it becomes really tough to defend the situation. Students have great opportunities after achieving event management degree. Client comes in a company with raw ideas, only a professional event manager can understand their ideas correctly. There is a process that needs to be followed by event managers for confirming the requirements of the client. Students achi eving degree of event management has great opportunities in market as event management is becoming a bright career for them. Now it becomes possible by the event managers to change client dream in reality about their events i.e. concert,

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Assignment

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Theory - Assignment Example gs forth to two factors in leadership referred to as leadership style and situational favorableness as outlined in fielder contingency model (Ornstein, & Lunenburg, 2007). This paper seeks to analyze a recent activity in relation to Fielder Contingency Model. Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the human brain and if not treated at an advanced stage may have lethal consequences. As such, it has been necessary to carry out research on the disease in order to look into the problem and propose solutions that might eliminate it, or provide medicine effective in avowing adverse effects on the victims. Research entails looking into a specified problem and using relevant literature and results obtained, bring out a solution. In this regard, research might include different parties and the success of the entire project is determined by the coordination of each and every party. Therefore, good leadership is essential to ensure smooth undertaking of the research. The research on Alzheimer disease was executed using rats as specimen, as Terrence believed argued , â€Å"We believe the rats will be an excellent, stringent pre-clinical model for testing experimental Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics† (Thomas para 2). From the research, it emerged that high level of beta-amyloid in the brain leads to the occurrences of the health disorder, Alzheimer. The disease affects a substantive percentage of American population, about five million, making it an important aspect of research, which would ensure that citizens live happy lives, free from diseases. The research on Alzheimer disease was carried out by a team of experts headed by Professor Terrence Town. Each person acted at different capacity and the joined effort led to the success realized. In concluding presenting the results, Professor Neil argued that presenting the results to interested researchers with results obtained would be of great help in the future. This is an aspect of good leadership as in recognizes

How Might Different Types of Offenders Best Be Deterred From Crime Essay

How Might Different Types of Offenders Best Be Deterred From Crime - Essay Example Therefore with the use of rational theory, criminologists often assume that those who commit criminal acts had the option of rationalizing their decision against those of the basic social norms. For one reason or another they chose to commit a crime but again, this theory depicts the fact that it was their choice, they were not forced to do so (Blossfield & Prein 1998, p.5). Of course, rational theory is neither a sociological nor a criminological theory that can be used to analyze all offenders because there are relative differences between individuals, even those who commit crime. Let's take for instance criminals who engage in white collar crime. This form of crime is concisely opposite crimes that include acts of brutal murder, rape, and kidnapping, etc. The reason this is stated is this form of crime takes initiative on the criminals' part and in fact they rationalize their choices before they ever break the law. Therefore, because these types of offender's are generally rational in their though processes and in their actions to engage in criminal activity, law enforcement would have to use a varied deterrence technique to try and sway and deter this types of offenders from repeating their criminal intentions and also to prosecute them correctly through the judicial system (Uggen & Piliavin 1998). It has been found that because these types of offen ders think logically and weigh the consequences of their actions the more traditional forms of law enforcement work well to keep them and others from becoming repetitive in their criminal attitudes. Law enforcement officials have learned that when a white collar criminal is prosecuted and punished severely for their actions it often acts as a deterrent in society, such as with the Martha Stewart case and the issue with falsifying documents on the stock market, etc. Once one white collar crime is prosecuted correctly it minimizes how many more there would be to follow, there is no doubt about this. In cases of criminal violence and murder, the use of deterrents would of course not be the same as the one's used for white collar crime, simply because of the variations to the types of crime in particular. For example, prosecution of someone who commits murder is definitely not enough of a legal influence to prevent other violent offenders from committing this same form of crime. What it can do however is prevent that one individual from going out and committing the same type of violent act, but again it won't persuade other offenders who have not been caught and faced punishment themselves (Uggen & Piliavin 1998). However, for those criminals who don't seem to be able to rationalize their own actions it has been found that the best way to deter them from being repeat offenders is by incarceration because releasing them back into society has shown that there is a great risk of them repeating their actions. This is all in how they view their behavior and don't think logically such a s how an offender of white collar crime analyzes their own actions. White collar offenders weigh the pro's and cons of their actions that are going to take place. If they find that the consequences will be harsher than any benefit that they could gleam out of breaking the law then they simply won't do it. Violent offenders do not rationalize in this manner. They are more